新版 轻轻松松的安装 Linux 系统

<< 画面 4-16 >>
_____________________________________________________________________
? ?
? Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System ?
? /dev/hdb1 1 1 100 50368+ 83 Linux native ?
? /dev/hdb3 536 536 736 101304 83 Linux native ?
? ?
? Which device would you like to use for your root Linux partition? ?
? __________________________________________________________________ ?
??dev/hdb3 ??
? __________________________________________________________________??
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
______________________________________________________________________?
? < OK > <Cancel> ?
______________________________________________________________________?

　
接下来读者会看到下面这画面, 这里询问档案系统型态, 我建议
读者选择 ext2, 因为绝大多数人都是选用这个。 我们用方向键把反
白移至 ext2 这行, 之後按<Enter> 键。

<< 画面 4-17 >>
__________________ CHOOSE LINUX FILESYSTEM __________________
? There are two main filesystem types that are used for ?
? Linux. These are the xiafs filesystem, and the second ?
? extended filesystem (ext2). Ext2 seems to be the current ?
? standard. Xiafs hasn't really been changed in quite some ?
? time. Ext2 has one really nice feature that xiafs doesn't ?
? have: as an ext2 partition is unmounted, a clean bit is ?
? written to it. When the machine is rebooted, checking is ?
? skipped for any partitions that have the clean bit on them. ?
? Xiafs may be a better choice for machines with low memory, ?
? however, so it's still supported. What filesystem do you ?
? plan to use on your root partition (/dev/hdb3), ext2fs or ?
? xiafs? ?
? __________________________________________________________ ?
?? ext2 Linux Second Extended Filesystem ??
?? xiafs Linux Xiafs ??
? __________________________________________________________ ?
______________________________________________________________ ?
? < OK > <Cancel> ?
______________________________________________________________ ?

　

选择 ext2 档案系统後, 接着又询问我们是否要真的执行建造动
作 (相当於DOS的格式化动作), 假如这是我们第一次安装, 很可能我
要就要选择 Format 或 Check, 但是如果确定以前已经做过, 这里也
可以选择 No。 至於 Format 与 Check的不同, Check 除了做 Format
动作外, 还额外检测硬碟是否有坏轨, 假如您硬碟有瑕疵的话, 记得
选用 Check。
<< 画面 4-18 >>
________________________ FORMAT PARTITION ________________________
? If this partition has not been formatted, you should format it. ?
? NOTE: This will erase all data on it. If you are trying to ?
? upgrade an existing Linux partition, you should use setup from ?
? your hard drive, not from the boot/root disk. (The versions of ?
? setup supplied on the hard drive and the boot/root disk differ) ?
? Would you like to format this partition? ?
? ________________________________________________________________??
?? Format Quick format with no bad block checking ??
?? Check Slow format that checks for bad blocks ??
?? No No, do not format this partition ??
? ________________________________________________________________??
____________________________________________________________________?
? < OK > <Cancel> ?
____________________________________________________________________?

　
以下我选择 Format, 系统就立刻执行 mkfs 动作, 额外一提, 这
动作相同於 $ mke2fs /dev/hdb3 101304 指令, 读者朋友以後进行正
常系统管理时, 会用到这命令。

<< 画面 4-19A >>

______________________SELECT INODE DENSITY ______________________
? Ext2fs defaults to one inode per 4096 bytes of drive space. ?
? If you're going to have many small files on your drive, ?
? then you may need more inodes (one is used for each file ?
? entry). You can change the density to one inode per 2048 ?
? bytes, or even per 1024 bytes. Select '2048' or '1024', or ?
? just hit enter to accept the default of 4096 bytes. NOTE: ?
? If you are going to run from CD using a small (<60MB) ?
? partition, use 1024 to be safe. Each link uses an inode and ?
? it's easy to run out of space. ?
?____________________________________________________________??
?? 4096 1 inode per 4096 bytes. (default) ??
?? 2048 1 inode per 2048 bytes. ??
?? 1024 1 inode per 1024 bytes. ??
?____________________________________________________________??
_______________________________________________________________
? < OK > <Cancel> ?
_______________________________________________________________?

画面 4-19A 的选择, 笔者建议, 若是用来作为 News spool 区域
(也就是 /var/spool/news) 的档案系统, 不妨选择 1024 这一栏, 这
结果会造成一个 Block (照内定, 一个Block等於1024 bytes) 等於一
个 Inode 除此以外的正常状况, 选择第一选项 4096, 这结果一个Inode
会等於 4096 bytes。 以上若读者无法明白什麽是 Bloack/Inode, 请
忽略无妨, 这些观念并不重要。

<< 画面 4-19B >>
______________ FORMATTING ________________
? Formatting /dev/hdb3 ?
? Size in 1K blocks: 70560 ?
? Filesystem type: ext2 ?
__________________________________________


以上连续几个动作已经成功的指定某一个分割区作为系统的 /
(root) 档案系统, 假如您只有一个 Linux属性的分割区, 这时 / 档
案系统就是您唯一的档案系统。 不过, 假如您有一个以上, 您就可
以看到下面画面, 这画面告诉我们说, 本电脑硬碟下有不只一个 Linux
属性分割区, 而 /dev/hdb3 已经指定作为 / 档案系统, 这时是否要
把剩下的分割区也包含进来, 比方独立出 /usr 或 /usr/X11 档案系
统等等的?
这里我回答是。 再重复一次, 把 / 档案系统规划小一些, 也就
是把 /usr /var /home /tmp 独立出来对系统执行效率以及系
统安全都会有助益。 不过, 对 Linux 或 Unix经验仍薄弱的朋友, 我
强烈建议您就此停住, 先不要顾虑效率或安全, 先跑看看, 增加一些
经验, 之後, 再考虑重新设定一个最佳的系统。
<< 画面 4-20 >>
____________________________________________________________________
? You seem to have more than one partition tagged as Linux native. ?
? You may use these to distribute your Linux system across more ?
? than one partition. Currently, you have /dev/hdb3 mounted as ?
? your / partition. You might want to mount large directories such ?
? as /usr or /usr/X11 or seperate partitions. You should not try ?
? to mount /etc, /sbin, or /bin on their own partitions since they ?
? contain utilities needed to bring the system up and mount ?
? partitions. Would you like to use some of the other Linux ?
? partitions to mount some of your directories? ?
? ?
____________________________________________________________________?
? < Yes > < No > ?
____________________________________________________________________?

以下重复进行刚刚的动作, 这里我回答 /dev/hdb1 分割区。 另
外一点要注意的是, 假如这时您临时决定不再增加任何分割区, 可以
键入 q , 之後按 <Enter> 键即可。
<< 画面 4-21 >>
______________________________________________________________________
? ?
? These are your Linux partitions: ?
? /dev/hdb1 1 1 100 50368+ 83 Linux native ?
? /dev/hdb3 536 536 736 101304 83 Linux native ?
? ?
? These partitions are already in use: ?
? /dev/hdb1 on /mnt type ext2 (rw) ?
? ?
? Please enter the partition you would like to use, or ?
? type [q] to quit adding new partitions: ?
? __________________________________________________________________ ?
??/dev/hdb1 ??
? __________________________________________________________________ ??
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
______________________________________________________________________ ?
? < OK > <Cancel> ?
______________________________________________________________________ ?

　
以下同样指定 ext2。
　
<< 画面 4-22 >>
__________________ CHOOSE LINUX FILESYSTEM __________________
? There are two main filesystem types that are used for ?
? Linux. These are the xiafs filesystem, and the second ?
? extended filesystem (ext2). Ext2 seems to be the current ?
? standard. Xiafs hasn't really been changed in quite some ?
? time. Ext2 has one really nice feature that xiafs doesn't ?
? have: as an ext2 partition is unmounted, a clean bit is ?
? written to it. When the machine is rebooted, checking is ?
? skipped for any partitions that have the clean bit on them. ?
? Xiafs may be a better choice for machines with low memory, ?
? however, so it's still supported. What filesystem do you ?
? plan to use on your root partition (/dev/hdb3), ext2fs or ?
? xiafs? ?
? __________________________________________________________ ?
?? ext2 Linux Second Extended Filesystem ??
?? xiafs Linux Xiafs ??
? __________________________________________________________ ?
______________________________________________________________ ?
? < OK > <Cancel> ?
______________________________________________________________ ?

　
<< 画面 4-23 >>
______________ FORMATTING ________________
? Formatting /dev/hdb3 ?
? Size in 1K blocks: 70560 ?
? Filesystem type: ext2 ?
__________________________________________

假如您硬碟内规划有很多 Linux 分割区, 这时您重复以上动作就
可以。 以下接着安装程式侦测到我第一个硬碟内有 DOS 分割区 (C:
碟), 就问我们说, 是否要把这DOS分割区包含进来, 成为系统的档案
系统之一, 於是我们可以在 Linux系统下直接存取原本 C: 磁碟内的
东西。 这里按 <Enter> 回答是, 若不想要, 按 <Tab> (或方向键),
把反白移到 No, 之後按 <Enter>。

<< 画面 4-24 >>
____________________ DOS AND OS/2 PARTITION SETUP ____________________ ?
? ?
? The following DOS FAT or OS/2 HPFS partitions were found: ?
? ?
? /dev/hda1 * 1 1 1000 127491+ 6 DOS 16-bit >=32M ?
? ?
? Would you like to make some of these partitions visible from Linux? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
________________________________________________________________________?
? < Yes > < No > ?
________________________________________________________________________?

　
由於我回答 Yes, 以下就要进一步回答 /dev/hda1。
　
<< 画面 4-25 >>
__________________________ CHOOSE PARTITION ____________________________?
? These DOS or OS/2 partitions are available to mount: ?
? /dev/hda1 * 1 1 1000 127491+ 6 DOS 16-bit >=32M ?
? Please enter the partition you want to access from Linux, ?
? or type [q] to quit adding new partitions: ?
? ____________________________________________________________________ ?
??dev/hda1 ??
? ____________________________________________________________________ ??
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
________________________________________________________________________ ?
? < OK > <Cancel> ?
________________________________________________________________________ ?

　
以下画面则是要选择 Mount Point, 这个就是说把 C: 磁碟挂在
系统的哪里, 注意, Linux/Unix 没有 C: 磁碟观念 (C: 是 DOS的观
念与用法), 我们可以设立比方说 /msdos 目录, 之後把 C: 所在的分
割区, 挂在这 /msdos 目录下, 这样就可以很方便存取 该 C: 内的
DOS档案。 以下, 我就指定 /msdos 为这个挂点 (Mount Point)。

<< 画面 4-25 >>
____________________ SELECT MOUNT POINT ______________________
? Now this new partition must be mounted somewhere in your ?
? directory tree. Please enter the directory under which ?
? you would like to put it. for instance, you might want to ?
? reply /dosc, /dosd, or something like that. NOTE: This ?
? partition won't actually be mounted until you reboot. ?
? ?
? Where would you like to mount /dev/hda1? ?
? __________________________________________________________ ??
??msdos ??
? __________________________________________________________ ??
______________________________________________________________ ?
? < OK > <Cancel> ?
______________________________________________________________ ?


以下画面按 <Enter>。

<< 画面 4-26 >>
__________________ CURRENT DOS/HPFS PARTITION STATUS __________________ ?
? ?
? DOS partition added to /etc/fstab: ?
? ?
? /dev/hda1 /msdos msdos defaults ?
? ?
________________________________________________________________________ ?
? < OK > ?
________________________________________________________________________ ?

　
下面画面问我们要不要进一步接着进行「指定安装来源」作业,
若回答 Yes, 则立刻接续到之後的操作, 若 No, 则回到最外层画面
。
<< 画面 4-27 >>
______________________ CONTINUE? ________________________
? Now that you've set up your target partitions, would ?
? you like to go on to the SOURCE section and select ?
? your installation media? ?
__________________________________________________________?
? < Yes > < No > ?
_________________________________________________

□ 指定安装来源 (Source)
接下来我们要指定用什麽方式安装, 以下画面就是询问用什麽方
法来安装, 其实也就是问存放媒体是什麽。 以下五种方法中, NFS
应该算是轻松愉快的安装方法, 假如读者可以上 Internet网路, 或
者您区域网路中已经有 NFS server, 且其内存放有 Slackware Linux
软体, 这就可以用 NFS安装。 以下笔者五种方法全部做介绍, 不过
读者们选择其中之一叁考即可, 其他跳过去无妨。
其实这五个安装方法都有其类似之处, 就是无论哪一种方法, 都
必须在安装之前或过程, 把安装来源 (软碟⒂驳CD-ROM 或 NFS
等等) 挂 (Mount) 在安装软体系统 (其实已经是一个阳春 Linux系
统) 之下的一个目录。 以硬碟来安装来说, 很多朋友的作法是先把
Linux系统软体存放在同一部电脑的硬碟内 DOS 系统分割区内, 这情
况的作法, 是把该 DOS 分割区挂上来, 并指定切确路径。 CD-ROM
安装法也很类似, 但我们必须先拿支援该品牌 CD-ROM 的bootdisk,
启动後把 CD-ROM drive挂上来成为系统的一部份, 并指定切确路径。
NFS 也是一样, 不过一些起码网路基本常识要具备, 程序上也类似,
只不过多了一道网路设定程序, 网路设定成功後, 把远端 NFS server
所 export 的目录挂上来。
以上所描述的操作动作, 并不需要透过命令执行, 而是在萤幕画
面上回答一些问题或者做一些选择即可。 细节的操作请看下面例子。

软碟安装法
选择磁片安装的话, 我们必须事先拷贝所有的磁片, 要嘛从CD-ROM
拷贝下来, 或者从 Internet FTP 档案库, 或者从 BBS或任何地方都
可以。 确定您要由磁片安装後, 操作上下方向键, 把反白移至选项
〃2〃, 之後按 <Enter> 键。
<< 画面 4-28 >>

__________________ SOURCE MEDIA SELECTION ____________________
? ?
? Where do you plan to install Slackware Linux from? ?
? ?
? __________________________________________________________ ?
?? 1 Install from a hard drive partition ??
?? 2 Install from floppy disks ??
?? 3 Install via NFS ??
?? 4 Install from a pre-mounted directory ??
?? 5 Install from CD-ROM ??
? __________________________________________________________ ??
______________________________________________________________ ?
? < OK > <Cancel> ?
______________________________________________________________ ?


接下来步骤是选择磁碟机规格, 其中有四个选项, <在画面 4-29>
请选择其中之一。
　

<< 画面 4-29 >>
______________________ SELECT FLOPPY DRIVE ______________________
? ?
? The base Slackware series (A) can be installed from 1.2M ?
? or 1.44M media. Most of the other disks will not fit on ?
? 1.2M media, but can be downloaded to your hard drive and ?
? installed from there later. ?
? ?
? Which drive do you want to install from? ?
? ____________________________________________________________ ??
?? /dev/fd0H1440 1.44M drive a: ??
?? /dev/fd1H1440 1.44M drive b: ??
?? /dev/fd0h1200 1.2M drive a: ??
?? /dev/fd1h1200 1.2M drive b: ??
? ____________________________________________________________ ??
? ?
________________________________________________________________ ?
? < OK > <Cancel> ?
________________________________________________________________

　
NFS网路 安装法
透过 NFS 安装其实没有想像困难, 以下的操作过程, 一开始先
设定 NFS 网路部份, 我们要指定我们这机机器的 IP, 以及网路上另
外一部 NFS server的 IP, 接着, 我们指定该 server的档案存放路
径, 就是这样。
至於有关於网路的技术部份, 我们在此完全没有解释, 比方以下
所需要的基本网路资料, 像是本机器的 IP地址 Netmask Broadcast
及 Gateway 位址等等资料, 您必须自行询问您所属网路管理单位, 不
要引用下面资料。 至於网路上公开性的 NFS server, 交大资工提供有这
服务, 其 NFS server IP 地址是 140.113.235.252 (linux.csie.nctu.edu.tw)
, 其存放路径是 /Slcakware (请注意大小写)。


<< 画面 4-30 >>
__________________ SOURCE MEDIA SELECTION ____________________
? ?
? Where do you plan to install Slackware Linux from? ?
? ?
? __________________________________________________________ ??
?? 1 Install from a hard drive partition ??
?? 2 Install from floppy disks ??
?? 3 Install via NFS ??
?? 4 Install from a pre-mounted directory ??
?? 5 Install from CD-ROM ??
? __________________________________________________________ ??
______________________________________________________________ ?
? < OK > <Cancel> ?
______________________________________________________________ ?

以下讯息浏览一下, 之後按 <Enter>, 开始进行设定 NFS client。

<< 画面 4-31 >>
____________________ INSTALLATION THROUGH NFS ____________________?
? ?
? WARNING! Installing via NFS can be a real time-saver if you're ?
? good with TCP/IP, but is a tricky installation choice for the ?
? beginner. Some of the things you may have to do to get this ?
? option to work include: ?
? ?
? -- Setting up an /etc/networks file on the bootdisk ?
? -- Mandatory: getting the source directory exported from ?
? your NFS server ?
? -- Starting up 'portmap' ?
? ?
? Are you sure you want to try to install via NFS? ?
? ?
__________________________________________________________________?
? < Yes > < No > ?
__________________________________________________________________?

　
下面画面回答所安装这部机器的 IP 地址。


<< 画面 4-32 >>
______________________ ASSIGN IP ADDRESS ______________________?
? ?
? You will need to enter the IP address you wish to ?
? assign to this machine. Example: 111.112.113.114 ?
? ?
? What is your IP address? ?
? ___________________________________________________________ ?
??92.168.1.148 ??
? ___________________________________________________________ ?
? ?
_______________________________________________________________
? < OK > <Cancel> ?
_______________________________________________________________


下面回答 Netmask。


<< 画面 4-33 >>
______________________ ASSIGN NETMASK ________________________?
? ?
? Now we need to know your netmask. ?
? Typically this will be 255.255.255.0 ?
? but this can be different depending on ?
? your local setup. ?
? ?
? What is your netmask? ?
? ___________________________________________________________ ?
??55.255.255.0 ??
? ___________________________________________________________ ?
? ?
_______________________________________________________________
? < OK > <Cancel> ?
_______________________________________________________________

以下填入 Broadcast 地址。
　
<< 画面 4-34 >>
__________________ ASSIGN BROADCAST ADDRESS ___________________
? ?
? Typically your broadcast address will be the same as ?
? your IP address with 255 replacing the final value. ?
? Example: 111.112.113.255 ?
? ?
? What is your broadcast address? ?
? ___________________________________________________________ ?
??92.168.1.255 ??
? ___________________________________________________________ ?
? ?
_______________________________________________________________
? < OK > <Cancel> ?
_______________________________________________________________


下面则回答网路地址。
　
<< 画面 4-35 >>
__________________ ASSIGN NETWORK ADDRESS ____________________?
? ?
? Now we need your network address. ?
? ?
? Your network address will usually be the same as your IP ?
? address, with the last value replaced by 0. ?
? For example: 111.112.113.0 ?
? ?
? What is your network address? ?
? ___________________________________________________________ ?
??92.168.1.0 ??
? ___________________________________________________________ ?
? ?
_______________________________________________________________
? < OK > <Cancel> ?
_______________________________________________________________


底下再问, 您这部机器需不需要经过 Gateway才能连线出去。
由於笔者示范是透过内部网路安装, 所以没有 Gateway。 不过, 绝
大部分 Internet 连线的机器, 是有 Gateway的。
　
<< 画面 4-36 >>

____________________________?
? Do you have a gateway? ?
? ?
____________________________?
? < Yes > < No > ?
____________________________?

　
下面回答 NFS server 所在 IP 地址, 在台湾的读者, 若有
Internet 连线的话, 以下可以填入 140.113.235.252, 或者其他
您知道有提供此服务的机器的 IP 地址也行。

<< 画面 4-37 >>

__________________ ENTER IP ADDRESS OF NFS SERVER __________________?
? ?
? Good! We're all set on the local end, but now we need to know ?
? where to find the software packages to install. First, we need ?
? the IP address of the machine where the Slackware sources are ?
? stored. ?
? ?
? What is the IP address of your NFS server? ?
? ________________________________________________________________??
??92.168.1.150 ??
? ________________________________________________________________??
? ?
? ?
? ?
____________________________________________________________________?
? < OK > <Cancel> ?
____________________________________________________________________?